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The waterlogged ceiling of Betty Gay’s rural Kentucky home sags so low that she hits her head on the light fixture. She’s only 5-foot-1. When it rains, the retired nurse’s aide covers her bathroom floor with buckets and towels. Mold festers on the damp walls.

Gay, 70, was counting on a $20,000 loan from the Agriculture Department this winter to patch the hole in the roof of the ranch-style Mount Sterling home she’s lived in for 30 years.

The agency can’t process Gay’s application because its workers have been furloughed. Also suspended: the processing of thousands of USDA loans to low-income rural Americans to help them build or buy homes.

[Shutdown impasse: Trump heads to the Hill after Oval Office address]

As the partial government shutdown continues into its third week, the impacts are falling hardest on those who can afford it the least — and the effects will grow even more punishing if key agencies remain paralyzed beyond Feb. 1 and into March. At risk: food on the table for millions of vulnerable households, rental assistance and other safety net programs.

“I’m just at my wits’ end,” said Gay, who’s been living with the leaky roof for a year, and now the front door hardly closes. Still, she counts herself among the lucky. “I just thank the Lord I don’t have small kids to feed.”

Trump <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/pence-urges-gop-lawmakers-to-stand-with-trump-in-shutdown-fight/2019/01/04/99519d06-103f-11e9-84fc-d58c33d6c8c7_story.html?utm_term=.3c7bf34a0f22" >last week threatened</a> to keep the government partially closed for months, even years, if the impasse over the border wall continues.

Under criticism, the Trump administration this week moved to shore up one of the most important pillars of the social safety net, the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/millions-face-delayed-tax-refunds-cuts-to-food-aid-as-white-house-scrambles-to-deal-with-shutdown/2019/01/04/b5b58616-0fa3-11e9-8938-5898adc28fa2_story.html" >food stamp program</a>, which benefits 38 million Americans and whose funding was due to run out at the end of January.

Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trump-administration-promises-food-stamp-benefits-will-continue-through-february-despite-shutdown-says-program-lacks-funds-for-march/2019/01/08/b4b0b30c-139b-11e9-803c-4ef28312c8b9_story.html?utm_term=.c8730ae8858f&amp;wpisrc=al_news__alert-politics--alert-national&amp;wpmk=1" >said Tuesday</a> that the agency would rely on a little-known budget provision to give states the money for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for the month of February ahead of time — by Jan. 20 — to circumvent the expiration of federal appropriations.

Perdue also ensured that <a href="https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2019/000319" >other nutrition assistance programs</a>, including school meals and a program for mothers and young children, would be funded through February. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides food, baby formula and breast-feeding support to 7.3 million mothers and children under 5 years old.

But officials could not promise that those benefits would continue if the shutdown lasts until March. The food stamp program has a $3 billion reserve, which would cover less than two-thirds of the <a href="https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/pd/34SNAPmonthly.pdf" >$4.8 billion in benefits</a> distributed each month.

Beginning in March, families could experience an average cut of at least $90, or close to 40 percent, assuming the agency spreads the $1.8 billion shortfall evenly across the 19 million households receiving SNAP benefits, according to an <a href="https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/millions-face-cut-in-snap-food-assistance-if-government-shutdown-continues" >analysis by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities</a>.

The USDA has not said what it would do in the event the shutdown lasts that long. When the SNAP contingency money runs out in April, the food assistance program will probably be closed altogether, anti-poverty advocates said.

“At that point, it will take Congress taking some sort of emergency action to fund the program if the government doesn’t reopen,” said Rebecca Vallas, vice president of the Poverty to Prosperity Program at the left-leaning Center for American Progress. “We will see hunger in America skyrocket. It’s going to take more than just flipping a switch to make things right after this.”

[Wisconsin is the GOP model for ‘welfare reform.’ But as work requirements grow, so does one family’s desperation. ]]

Already, more than 2,500 grocers and other retailers are no longer accepting food stamps because their SNAP licenses were not renewed before the shutdown started Dec. 22, according to the Food Marketing Institute, an industry group.

Federal funding has also been shut off for cash welfare benefits, known as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), for 3.4 million of the poorest Americans, the majority of whom are children. For now, states are picking up the financial burden — $4.2 billion they were to have received from the Department of Health and Human Services to cover January through March. States are providing benefits by cobbling together previously unspent federal funds with state dollars.

“We don’t know at what point states will start to panic and that will start to affect people relying on TANF,” said Elizabeth Lower-Basch, an expert on the social safety net at the Center for Law and Social Policy.

If the government does not fully reopen by Feb. 1, nearly 270,000 rural families who receive federal rent subsidies through the USDA would also be at risk of eviction because their landlords would no longer be paid, said Bob Rapoza, executive secretary of the National Rural Housing Coalition.

“These are the poorest rural people in the country,” Rapoza said. “They’re farmworkers, they’re senior citizens, they’re disabled.”

An additional 2.2 million low-income households receiving rent assistance could be put in jeopardy in March when funding for the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Section 8 voucher program runs out.

State and local public housing agencies would also stop receiving money to operate more than 1 million public housing units in March.

And another 100,000 low-income tenants are already at risk because HUD did not have staff in place during the shutdown to renew at least <a href="https://nlihc.org/issues/budget/shutdown-map" >1,150 affordable housing contracts </a>that expired in December.

That means apartment owners will not be paid and must now dip into their reserves to cover their mortgages — which they may not be able to do indefinitely.

HUD officials told The Washington Post this week that furloughed staffers have been called back to work to scour agency accounts for money that could be used to cover contracts that expired before the shutdown. But those that expired after Dec. 22 remain in limbo, with payments possible only after renewal of the earlier batch of contracts. The agency sought to downplay the impact of the expired contracts.

“No one has ever been evicted because of a shutdown, and the landlords have always been made whole,” said HUD spokesman Jereon Brown.

But he acknowledged that more contracts expire with each day that the government remains closed. Another 500 contracts are scheduled to expire by the end of January, and 550 in February, the agency said.

The risk of eviction for low-income tenants grows the longer the government remains closed, housing advocates say.

“The longer the shutdown continues, the more the lowest income people will be hard hit,” said Diane Yentel, president of the National Low Income Housing Coalition. “If we get to March, we’re going to be looking at a potentially significant number of evictions.”

HUD also announced Wednesday there could be <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/01/09/2019-00050/waiver-and-alternative-requirement-for-community-development-block-grant-disaster-recovery-cdbg-dr" >major delays in the disaster relief funding</a> it is sending to Puerto Rico, Florida, and a number of other places because of the shutdown, saying it likely would not be able to meet a timeline set by Congress
.

The shutdown has hit Native American tribes especially hard because so many of their basic services depend on federal funding, as a legacy of their negotiated treaties with the U.S. government.

U.S. Rep. Sharice Davids (D-Kan.) — a member of the Ho-Chunk Nation and one of two Native American congresswomen newly sworn in this month — said one tribe witnessed a member die during the shutdown because road crews did not plow snow-filled roads and an ambulance could not get through. She did not provide further details, saying she wanted to respect the tribe’s privacy.

Several tribes have reallocated funds to keep hospitals and clinics open on their lands. But staff at those hospitals has already grown thinner, Davids said.

“For many in these communities, this is the only way people can access health care,” she said.

[Already reeling from tariff war, some farmers aren’t receiving government support checks amid shutdown]

Kerry Hawk Lessard, executive director of Native American Lifelines — a Baltimore-based group that provides health assistance to Native Americans living in urban areas — said she has needed to turn away members seeking rides to doctor’s appointments and halt funding for previously promised eyeglasses as a result of the shutdown.

Nonprofit groups in Washington say they are making contingency plans after facing an uptick in calls from furloughed federal workers — with 362,000 of them living in the area — as well as families starting to panic about losing a slew of social safety benefits.

The Capital Area Food Bank in Northeast Washington revamped its website to lead with a tutorial on how to get food during the shutdown. The food bank sought assurances from federal authorities that the government will continue supplies of food and is trying to persuade grocery stores and other partners to help shore up dwindling supplies.

“We’re hearing from first-timers trying to understand how we work, what the hours are, whether there’s any near their homes,” said Radha Muthiah, the food bank’s president and chief executive.

Valerie Beaudin, 51, who was furloughed from her job as U.S. Census geographer, spent Tuesday morning handing out supplies at a food pantry in Huntingtown, Md., during a special event for federal workers.

Some were young, newly hired workers with no savings. Others were couples who both worked for the federal government.

“They were grabbing everything from luncheon meat to oranges to diapers and baby supplies,” Beaudin said.

Muthiah said Capital Food Bank has started talking about creating a fund for future shutdowns.

“We have an emergency cushion we use for natural disasters like floods, tornadoes,” Muthiah said. “We’ve never had to allocate for shutdowns before, but given how things are shaping up, this may be the new norm.”

Jeff Stein, Damian Paletta and Amy Goldstein contributed to this report.

Knight-Wallace Fellowship at University of Michigan, 2015, studied "Morality and Money in Medicine"

Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for Distinguished Reporting of Congress, 2013, "Broken City" series

National Headliner Award 2008, First Place in Education Writing for "Last Chance for English High" series

Asian American Journalists Association 2005 National Journalism Award for "Life, on $9 an hour," a narrative on Oregon's working poor

Fulbright Fellowship, 2000

Two-time Livingston Award for Young Journalists finalist

National Association of Black Journalists 2019 Salute to Excellence Award in national investigative reporting for "The Gatekeeper"

National Association of Black Journalists 2019 Salute to Excellence Award in national business reporting for "The Forgotten Ferguson"

George Polk Award for Justice Reporting 2021 for "George Floyd's America" 

Online News Association 2021 Excellence in Social Justice Reporting Online Journalism Award for “George Floyd’s America” 

National Association of Black Journalists 2021 Salute to Excellence Award in national feature writing for “What Reparations Mean to One American Family”

National Association of Black Journalists 2021 Salute to Excellence Award in national investigative reporting for “This is What Happens to Us”

National Headliner Award 2021, Second Place in Business Coverage for "Corporate America's Racial Reckoning”

National Association of Black Journalists 2022 Salute to Excellence Award in national business reporting for "The 'whitewashing' of Black Wall Street"

National Association of Black Journalists 2022 Salute to Excellence Award in national news series for "Corporate Racial Justice Promises"

Stanford University, BA in communication

Stanford University, MA in sociology

Tracy Jan is a deputy health and science editor. She joined The Post in 2016 to launch a beat on the intersection of race and the economy, writing about systemic racism, immigration and housing through the lens of money and power for more than five years. She previously was a national political reporter at the Boston Globe.

Tracy Jan

2023 SPJ Ethics in Journalism Award

2021 NIHCM Health Care Journalism Award for stories on pandemic mental health

2021 Public Service Award from the American Association of Suicidology

2021 National Headliner Award for pandemic coverage

2021 Katherine Schneider Award for Reporting on Disability

2015 National Headliner Award for international news for exposing corruption among China’s cops and courts

2015 Livingston Award finalist for International Reporting

2014 & 2015 Human Rights Press Award from Amnesty International and Foreign Correspondents’ Club

2014 Boston University's Hugo Shong Asia Reporting Award for stories of government abuses on Chinese families

2011 American Society of News Editors Diversity Writing Award for uncovering religious discrimination in the U.S. Army

2010 & 2011 Religion Writer of the Year

2010 Pulitzer Prize finalist team for breaking news on Fort Hood shooting

William Wan is an enterprise reporter at The Washington Post. He often writes about people suffering on the margins of society. He previously served as a national health reporter, China correspondent, roving U.S. correspondent, national security reporter and religion reporter.